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Figure 1 shows the real increase in regulatory spending by full presidential term between 1960 and 2009. During both his terms, President Bush outspent every one of his recent predecessors. In his first term, he increased spending on regulatory agencies by $8.3 billion, almost doubling what President Clinton—the second biggest spender—spent during his second term.

The data also show that, adjusted for inflation, expenditures for the category of finance and banking were cut by 3 percent during the Clinton years and rose 29 percent from 2001 to 2009, making it hard to argue that Bush deregulated the financial sector.

 

 



Figure 2 shows the 10 largest annual percentage increases in total real regulatory outlays in the last 50 years. The Bush administration's performances in 2002 and 2003 made the top five, with its 2003 budget leading the pack.

It takes a lot of bureaucrats to create and enforce all those regulations. In eight years, Bush increased the federal government's regulatory staff by 91,196 employees. Clinton cut it by 969. This is why Business Week recently designated Washington as one of the top places to ride out the recession: The government is hiring.

Many of Bush's hires have been in the ranks of the Transportation Security Administration, making the skies safer by confiscating lighters and requiring that nursing mothers declare their breast milk at checkpoints. Never mind that the probability of 9/11-style attacks dropped to near zero in the months after September 11 when airlines installed, at relatively low cost, simple cockpit barricades.

Franklin Roosevelt expanded government power from a relatively small base. Today the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Environmental Protection Agency, and myriad other federal agencies are not only well established but have more power and more staff than ever. Increasing their reach should be easy. President Obama has President Bush to thank.

Contributing Editor Veronique de Rugy is a senior research fellow at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University.

 

  • Are You Better off Than You Were 40 Years Ago?

    In the November 1968 Mechanix Illustrated, James Berry gave an eerily prescient glimpse of life in the typical American household today: “The single most important item in 2008 households is the computer. These electronic brains govern everything from meal preparation and waking up the household to assembling shopping lists and keeping track of the bank balance…handle travel reservations, relay telephone messages, keep track of birthdays and anniversaries, compute taxes and even figure the monthly bills for electricity, water, telephone and other utilities.”

    Though Berry was spot-on in predicting the technological advancements of the last 40 years, he didn’t say much about whether such progress would explicitly enhance the cause of freedom. Many libertarians, eyeing the relentless expansion of the state, worry that freedom is marching backward. But are we really worse off than we were 40 years ago?

    This is a complicated question to measure. Wealth expands people’s choices, and Americans are fabulously more prosperous than they were in 1968. According to the Census Bureau, income per capita adjusted for inflation has doubled in the four decades since 1968, from $13,374 to $26,804. Non-wage compensation, in the form of employee benefits, has also increased greatly during that time.

    There’s a better measure of living standards than raw wealth: consumption. By this measure, the United States is also doing very well. Luxury goods that few could afford in 1968 are now standard in most households, including poor ones. Writing in the July/August 2008 American, Michael Cox and Richard Alm, the senior vice president and chief economist and the senior economics writer at the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, reported that in 2005 a full 85 percent of households that are classified as poor by the Census Bureau have air conditioning (compared to only 36 percent in 1971); 97 percent have a color television (compared to 40 percent in 1971); 40 percent have an automatic dishwasher (as opposed to 20 percent in 1971); and almost 100 percent own a refrigerator (a 25 percent increase over 1970).

    As Milton Friedman showed in Capitalism and Freedom, such wealth both feeds and is a byproduct of freedom. On one hand, freedom in economic arrangements produces wealth. This, in turn, produces a


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